California's Unruh Civil Rights Act (Civil Code §51) has been interpreted by courts to provide broad anti-discrimination protections in business establishments. Which of the following characteristics is LEAST supported as a protected basis under the Unruh Act's current statutory text and leading judicial interpretations?
Correct Answer
C) Membership in a particular political party as a basis for denying housing
The Unruh Act (Civil Code §51) explicitly enumerates protected characteristics including sex, race, color, religion, ancestry, national origin, disability, medical condition, genetic information, marital status, sexual orientation, citizenship, primary language, immigration status, and age. California courts have expanded protections beyond enumerated categories using an 'arbitrary discrimination' standard (Marina Point, Ltd. v. Wolfson (1982) 30 Cal.3d 721), but political party membership has not been recognized as a protected basis in housing by California courts or the Legislature. It remains the characteristic least supported by both statutory text and established case law among the options presented.
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Related Topics & Key Terms
Key Terms:
Related Concepts
An as-is clause in a real estate contract states that the buyer accepts the property in its current condition without requiring the seller to make any repairs. However, an as-is sale does NOT eliminate the seller's obligation to disclose known defects.
Asbestos disclosure involves informing buyers about the presence of asbestos-containing materials (ACMs) in a property. Asbestos was commonly used in construction materials before 1980 and poses health risks when fibers become airborne.
Violating fair housing laws can lead to significant penalties, including fines, civil liability, and professional discipline.
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