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P&CNationalhard

An insurer evaluates whether to write coverage for losses arising from the issuance of new currency by a foreign government, which has caused widespread economic dislocation. This exposure is best classified as which combination?

APure and particular risk, with only loss potential affecting isolated individuals
BPure and fundamental risk, with only loss potential affecting whole populations
CSpeculative and particular risk, with gain or loss potential affecting isolated individuals
Speculative and fundamental risk, with gain or loss potential affecting whole economies

Why this is the answer

Risk classification uses three orthogonal axes. Pure vs speculative: pure risk has only loss or no loss (fire); speculative includes gain potential (investment, currency markets). Particular vs fundamental: particular affects individuals (one home fire); fundamental affects entire populations or economies (war, pandemic, currency devaluation). Static vs dynamic: static repeats over time; dynamic stems from change in society/technology. Currency devaluation is speculative (gain/loss possible) and fundamental (broad economic impact), generally uninsurable.

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