Which soil type typically has the highest bearing capacity for foundation support?
Correct Answer
D) Dense gravel
Dense gravel typically provides the highest bearing capacity among common soil types, often supporting 3,000-5,000 psf or more. It drains well and compacts effectively under load.
Why This Is the Correct Answer
Dense gravel provides the highest bearing capacity among common soil types because its angular particles interlock effectively when compacted, creating a stable foundation matrix. The excellent drainage properties prevent water accumulation that could weaken the soil structure. Dense gravel typically supports 3,000-5,000 psf or more, making it ideal for heavy structural loads. Its resistance to settlement and consistent performance under varying moisture conditions make it the preferred foundation material.
Why the Other Options Are Wrong
Option A: Loose sand
Organic soil has the lowest bearing capacity of all soil types, typically supporting less than 1,000 psf. Organic matter decomposes over time, creating voids and causing settlement. These soils are highly compressible and unsuitable for foundation support without extensive soil improvement or deep foundation systems.
Option B: Clay with high plasticity
Loose sand has significantly lower bearing capacity than dense gravel because the particles are not well-compacted and can shift under load. While sand drains well, loose sand typically supports only 1,000-2,000 psf compared to dense gravel's much higher capacity. The lack of particle interlocking reduces stability.
Option C: Organic soil
Clay with high plasticity has poor bearing capacity due to its tendency to expand and contract with moisture changes. High plasticity clays are particularly problematic as they undergo significant volume changes, leading to foundation settlement and structural damage. These soils typically support only 1,000-2,000 psf.
Memory Technique
Remember 'Dense Gravel = Greatest Grip' - the denser and more angular the particles, the better they grip together for maximum bearing capacity.
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