The Treaty principles are often summarised as "the three Ps". Which of these is NOT one of them?
Correct Answer
D) Profit-sharing
The three main principles derived from the Treaty of Waitangi are Partnership, Protection, and Participation. Profit-sharing is not recognized as one of the fundamental Treaty principles, although economic development may be part of participation.
Why This Is the Correct Answer
The 1988 Royal Commission on Social Policy summarised Treaty principles as partnership, protection and participation. Profit-sharing is not among them.
Why the Other Options Are Wrong
Option A: Partnership
Partnership is one of the three Ps, reflecting the good-faith relationship between the Crown and Māori.
Option B: Protection
Protection, including active protection of Māori interests and taonga, is one of the three Ps.
Option C: Participation
Participation, meaning Māori involvement in decisions and a fair share of society's benefits, is one of the three Ps.
Deep Analysis of This Treaty Maori Question
The three Ps are a policy shorthand, widely used in government and education. Courts and the Waitangi Tribunal describe a longer list, including active protection, good faith and redress, but profit-sharing does not appear in any of them.
Background Knowledge for Treaty Maori
Treaty principles are the modern way of applying the Treaty's articles. The courts developed them from the 1987 Lands case onward, and many statutes require decision-makers to take them into account.
Memory Technique
Partnership, Protection, Participation: a Pact, a Promise, a Place at the table.
For "which is not a Treaty principle" questions, look for the invented or commercial-sounding option.
Exam Tip for Treaty Maori
Profit-sharing is not a Treaty principle.
Real World Application in Treaty Maori
A council's policy document lists partnership, protection and participation as the Treaty principles guiding its engagement with mana whenua. A new staff member mistakenly adds profit-sharing to a draft; a colleague points out that it is not a recognised principle.
Common Mistakes to Avoid on Treaty Maori Questions
- •Adding commercial concepts to the Treaty principles
- •Confusing principles with the three articles
- •Forgetting participation
Related Topics & Key Terms
Key Terms:
More Treaty Maori Questions
A block of Māori freehold land has hundreds of owners, many living overseas or hard to trace. What practical challenge does this usually create when some owners want to sell?
What is a key consideration for real estate agents when dealing with Maori land transactions?
A block of Māori freehold land has 150 owners with defined shares of different sizes. Under Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993, whose agreement is needed before the owners can sell the block?
In a situation where Crown land is being returned to Maori ownership through a Treaty settlement, what is the most likely land status classification it will receive?
What is the key difference between general land owned by Māori and Māori freehold land?
- → In the context of the Treaty of Waitangi, what does the principle of partnership mean for modern property transactions?
- → A developer wants to buy a block of Māori freehold land with 47 owners in three whānau groups who disagree about selling. Under Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993, what decides whether the sale can go ahead?
- → Under Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993, what is the primary purpose of the Maori Land Court?
- → Which classification of land under Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 is subject to the most restrictions on alienation?
- → The Treaty principle of "active protection" is often raised in property discussions. What does it require, and of whom?
- → Owners of a block of Māori freehold land ask a licensee to sell it. What should the licensee's first step be?
- → What is the most appropriate approach for a licensee handling a property that may affect Māori interests?
- → Which type of Māori land can be freely bought and sold on the open market without restriction?
- → Someone asks a licensee to sell land they say is Māori freehold land. What is the licensee's most appropriate first step?
- → Under the Treaty of Waitangi, what was guaranteed to Māori in Article II?
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